Mighty Oaks Montessori School

Stages of Development Series: Adolescence

March 17, 2025

This post is the third installment in our series exploring four stages of human development from a Montessori perspective. The Montessori approach takes a holistic view of growth, recognizing the unique needs of young people at every stage—birth to age six, six to twelve, twelve to eighteen, and eighteen to twenty-four—and adapts learning environments to support natural development at each stage. By understanding these key phases, we can better nurture young individuals as they progress on their journey to maturity.


Adolescence (Age Twelve to Eighteen)


Adolescence is often seen as a turbulent stage in life, sometimes even labeled as dysfunctional or something to endure. However, Dr. Maria Montessori viewed this vital period of human development as a time in our lives that deserves respect and understanding.


In Montessori education, adolescence is honored as a time of transition, a phase of development that, in many ways, mirrors the first six years of life. Just as the early years are marked by rapid transformation and the shaping of the individual, adolescence marks the transformation from childhood into adulthood.


Adolescent Development


The third plane of development, which typically begins at age twelve and continues through the teenage years, is one of significant physical, emotional, and social transformation. This period is characterized by the onset of puberty, hormonal changes, and dramatic physical shifts. 


Adolescents, much like children in the first plane of development, experience rapid change, but this time it is in preparation for adulthood and potential child-rearing. As a result, adolescents require more sleep and are more susceptible to health issues (e.g. acne, depression, and eating disorders).


A key focus during this stage is the conquest of social and economic independence. Humans on the journey to adulthood need to function in social organizations, which requires intellectual and social skills. Adolescents also need to experience how economic interdependency works and they want to learn about different roles in economic systems. To do so, they need the awareness and skills to contribute in meaningful ways. 


Social engagement is how we function as humans. Economic contribution and interdependency is how we meet our needs. Adolescents are no longer passive observers of society; instead, they strive to become active participants and contributors. Like during the first plane, adolescents learn best through hands-on experiences that benefit society, which reinforces their desire to contribute in meaningful ways.


Adolescents as Social Newborns


Dr. Montessori often referred to early adolescence as the "newborn" stage of adulthood, highlighting the vulnerability and transformation that adolescents undergo. This period of rapid physical and emotional development mirrors the developmental intensity of the first years of life. Adolescents are not just growing in terms of physical stature but also in terms of emotional and social maturity.


Much like a newborn, adolescents are learning how to navigate the complexities of the world around them. They are developing a sense of self and finding their place in society. The challenge of the third plane is to help them build this self-confidence and self-worth, while guiding them through the emotional turbulence that often accompanies this stage.


Holistic Development: Physical, Emotional, and Social Growth


Montessori's approach to adolescence is deeply holistic. We emphasize the importance of addressing the adolescent's physical, emotional, and social needs, recognizing that these areas are interconnected and cannot be separated in the developmental process.


Physical Development

Adolescents undergo significant physical changes during this time, including hormonal fluctuations and rapid growth. Brain development continues with an oversupply of gray matter and pruning of neural pathways, which influences behavior and learning capacity.


Key physical needs include:

  • Engaging in physical activity and hands-on work
  • Maintaining a healthy diet
  • Ensuring adequate sleep


Emotional and Psychological Development

Adolescents experience strong emotional swings and are highly self-conscious. They are forming their identities and are very aware of peer perceptions. Balancing these emotions and navigating their evolving sense of self can be challenging.


Emotional needs include:

  • Opportunities to build confidence and independence
  • Safe yet challenging environments
  • Support in self-expression and identity formation


Social Development

Social connections become increasingly important during adolescence. Adolescents seek peer approval and loyalty and often engage in risk-taking behaviors as they establish their place within their social circles. They learn best through collaboration and social interaction.


Social needs include:

  • Opportunities for collaboration with peers
  • Mentorship from adults
  • Meaningful and relevant social engagement


Moral and Intellectual Development


Dr. Montessori emphasized the adolescent’s sensitivity to issues of justice and personal dignity. This stage is a critical time for developing a strong sense of fairness and the desire to contribute meaningfully to society. As they mature, adolescents begin to understand the value of their contributions to the world around them.


Though their intellectual development might seem secondary due to emotional upheavals, it remains essential. As their brains undergo significant rewiring and neural pruning, adolescents still benefit from intellectual opportunities and challenges, as well as strong moral foundations.


The Role of Work and Contribution


Just as it was in earlier planes of development, work remains a vital aspect of adolescence. Adolescents have a strong desire to contribute to society and have their efforts recognized. Through work and activity, adolescents bolster their self-esteem and gain a sense of accomplishment.


The educational model proposed by Dr. Montessori focuses on land-based work and cooperative community living, which provide ways for adolescents to engage in meaningful activities. This model supports adolescents’ physical well-being, fosters social development, and prepares them for economic independence. Through hands-on work, adolescents not only contribute to their immediate communities but also develop a sense of responsibility and understanding of the value of work.


Supporting Adolescents Through Their Development


To meet the developmental needs of adolescents, we need to offer supportive environments. Dr. Montessori envisioned a community where adolescents could live and work together, gaining both physical and emotional nourishment. Providing opportunities for physical activity, collaboration, and self-expression helps adolescents develop into confident, capable adults.


Adolescents need both freedom and guidance. While they push away from adults as they seek independence, they still require boundaries, structure, and mentorship. Adults play a critical role in supporting adolescents as they navigate this transformative stage.


Understanding adolescence through the Montessori lens allows us to appreciate this period as one of profound transformation. By honoring the physical, emotional, social, and moral development of adolescents, we can provide them with the support they need to transition confidently into adulthood. With a holistic approach that integrates meaningful work, opportunities for self-expression, and guidance from adults, adolescents can be empowered to become the capable, interdependent adults society needs. Visit our school today to learn more!


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In today’s dynamic educational landscape, parents constantly seek innovative approaches that foster their children’s holistic development and lifelong learning skills. Montessori education stands out as a beacon of progressive and effective pedagogy. Rooted in the principles of self-directed learning, hands-on exploration, and individualized instruction, Montessori education offers a myriad of benefits that pave the way for a brighter future. Let’s delve deeper into the transformative power of Montessori education and why it’s a choice worth considering for your child’s educational journey. 1. Nurturing Independence and Self-Confidence Montessori classrooms are meticulously designed to empower children to take charge of their learning journey. Children are encouraged to explore, discover, and learn at their own pace through a carefully curated environment filled with age-appropriate materials. This fosters a sense of independence and self-reliance from an early age, laying a sturdy foundation for future success. As children master new skills through hands-on activities, they develop a deep sense of accomplishment, boosting their self-confidence and fueling their intrinsic motivation to learn. 2. Individualized Instruction Tailored to Each Child One of the hallmark features of Montessori education is its commitment to individualized instruction. Unlike traditional one-size-fits-all approaches, Montessori educators recognize and celebrate the unique strengths, interests, and learning styles of each child. By observing and understanding the developmental needs of every student, teachers are able to provide personalized guidance and support, ensuring that every child reaches their full potential. This personalized approach not only maximizes academic growth but also cultivates a deep love for learning that lasts a lifetime. 3. Fostering a Lifelong Love for Learning At the heart of Montessori education lies a profound belief in the innate curiosity and natural thirst for knowledge present in every child. By creating an environment that encourages exploration, creativity, and critical thinking, Montessori classrooms ignite a passion for learning that transcends the boundaries of the classroom. Whether it’s through engaging hands-on activities, collaborative projects, or self-directed inquiry, children develop a lifelong love for learning that extends far beyond their academic years, equipping them with the tools they need to thrive in an ever-evolving world. 4. Embracing Diversity and Global Citizenship Montessori education emphasizes the importance of cultivating respect, empathy, and understanding for others, fostering a culture of inclusivity and diversity. Through exposure to multicultural materials, celebrations, and experiences, children learn to appreciate and embrace differences, laying the groundwork for becoming compassionate global citizens. By promoting cultural awareness and sensitivity from a young age, Montessori education instills values of tolerance and acceptance, preparing children to navigate an increasingly interconnected world with empathy and open-mindedness. Conclusion  In essence, Montessori education offers a holistic approach to learning that nurtures the mind, body, and spirit of every child. By fostering independence, individuality, and a love for learning, Montessori classrooms empower children to reach their full potential and become active contributors to society. As parents, educators, and advocates, let us embrace the transformative power of Montessori education and pave the way for a brighter future for generations to come.
A montessori infant is sitting on a bed.
September 30, 2024
Beginning the toilet training process can seem daunting but if done at the right time in a gentle and collaborative way the process can be less challenging then one may think. Here are some guidleines and suggestions for successfully supporting your child with using the toilet indpendently. Sensitive Period for Toilet Learning: 15 – 30 months: The child will show interest and typically signs of physical and emotional readiness, participate willingly, and transition naturally to using the toilet successfully. After the Sensitive Period has passed, toilet learning is more challenging for the child. Readiness: As your child approaches age three, you may be bombarded with advice and expectations about toileting from everyone around you- family, friends, neighbors, and others. However, toilet learning can become a long and frustrating process if you try to start before your child is ready. One of the most crucial aspects of success is timing, so it is essential to understand the physical and emotional signs that your child is ready to begin. Preparing yourself, the rest of the family, and the child’s environment will also help to ensure a successful transition. Preparing the Environment: Physical Make the bathroom the area where you change diapers and offer the child to sit on the potty. Dispose of solid waste in the toilet and flush, helping the child make a strong connection between elimination, the toilet, and the flushing sound. Potty Training books for kids to look at and hear. Floor potty or cushy potty seat (to alleviate the fear of “falling in.”) Training pants, lots……….no diapers or pull-ups that may confuse. The feeling of getting “wet” is a natural consequence and will help the child toilet learn more successfully. Clothing that the child can easily “pull down” and “pull up” themselves (sweatpants, leggings, no zippers, buttons, buckles, etc.). Preparing the Environment: Psychological Engage in matter-of-fact conversations about the body, body parts, and elimination. Teach proper names, even though you and your child may prefer to use more familiar names daily. Tell toileting stories about older siblings, cousins, or even parents (“Everyone older used to wear a diaper, but now they all wear underwear.” – this may be a revelation!) Encourage by forecasting the future. (“When you start using the toilet, you won’t need diapers anymore, can wear soft underpants with paw patrol on them, won’t have to wait to be changed by an adult,” etc. ) It is important to try when there are no unforeseen changes to routine, such as travel, moving, a new baby, visitors, or illness. SIGNS OF PHYSICAL READINESS: Has mastered basic motor skills, such as walking, undressing, and talking. Has bowel movements around the same time each day. They are aware they have urinated or had a bowel movement. Has control of bladder and bowel muscles: indications of this are if the child has a dry diaper after napping and a dry diaper after 2 hours. ****MOST CHILDREN ARE PHYSICALLY READY BEFORE THEY ARE EMOTIONALLY READY. **** SIGNS OF EMOTIONAL READINESS: Tells you that they need a diaper change. Is interested in others using the toilet. Is receptive to trying to sit on a potty chair or toilet. Talks about wearing “big boy/big girl underpants.” Consistency is key. Once you have determined that your child is ready to begin toilet learning, consistency is crucial for their success. Having underwear on one day an d a diaper the next is confusing and can set back the toilet learning process. Use towels, plastic bags, and double training pants to secure leaks, messes, etc. It is common and normal for accidents to occur. When a child does soil themselves, be very calm and matter-of-fact with your responses. “Oh, you are wet; let’s go to the bathroom to change and get dry.” “It is ok; you are still learning.” ESTABLISH PRACTICAL EXPECTATIONS AND ROUTINES “In our house, we always sit on the potty… …When we wake up.” ...After breakfast.” …before getting in the car.” …when we get home from school.” …Before bath/bedtime.” USE YOUR VILLAGE FOR SUPPORT:  As a parent, you can get emotionally involved with this process. During this time, you must be supported by your spouse, partner, grandparents, aunts and uncles, teachers, etc. Prepare everyone around you for the experience and enlist other adults in the environment to support the process; stress and frustration on the adults’ part will impede the child’s success.
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